ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช
ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื™ื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ื ื“' ื–' ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”'ืชืฉืค"ื’

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืขืจื•ืฅ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืจืคื•ืืช

ืื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืช ื—ื ื” ืืจื ืจื™ื™ืš ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจื” ื–ืœื“ื” ื›ืจืžืœ ืจื—ืœื™ ื‘ืช ืจื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื•ืกืงื™ืœื”

ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื•ืœืฉืช?

1903
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ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ

ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืข"ื“
3 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ืขืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื”ืคื˜ืจืช ืคืจืฉืชื ื•:
"ื•ึฐืงึธืจึธื ื–ึถื” ืึถืœ ื–ึถื” ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจ ืงึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ืงึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ืงึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ื™ึฐืงึนื•ึธืง ืฆึฐื‘ึธืื•ึนืช ืžึฐืœึนื ื›ึธืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื›ึผึฐื‘ื•ึนื“ื•ึน" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื•' ื’).
ืคืกื•ืง ื–ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•, ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ (ื’ ื™ื‘) ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื”:
"ื•ึทืชึผึดืฉึผื‚ึธืึตื ึดื™ ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื•ึธืึถืฉืึฐืžึทืข ืึทื—ึฒืจึทื™ ืงื•ึนืœ ืจึทืขึทืฉื ื’ึผึธื“ื•ึนืœ ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื›ึผึฐื‘ื•ึนื“ ื”' ืžึดืžึผึฐืงื•ึนืžื•ึน",
ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ื‘ื’ืื•ื ื™ื, ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืจืก"ื’ ื•ืขื•ื“) ืžืฉืžืข, ืฉืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืจ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื“ืกื™ื“ืจื ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ .
ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช - ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”- ื”ื ืœื‘ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ื ืืžืจืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ. ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืืœื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื”ืื—ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช, ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ื•ืชื ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” โ€“ ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื ื“ืกื™ื“ืจื. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืžื•ืกืฃ, ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืืœื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืช "ื•ื‘ื ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืืœ" ืงื•ื“ื ืœืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื”, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ื”.
ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”.
ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•, ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื ื•ืกื—ื™ ื”"ืงื“ื•ืฉื”" ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ?
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืงื•ืฆืจ ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื” ื ื‘ืืจ ืจืง ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ - ืคืกื•ืงื ื•.
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ ืื ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ึฐืงึธืจึธื ื–ึถื” ืึถืœ ื–ึถื” ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืคืกื•ืง, ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืกื•ืง, ืื• ืœืื• ื•ืื–ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืœื ื ื–ื›ืจื” ื›ืืŸ.
ื”ืชื ื ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช ื“ืจื‘ื™ ื ืชืŸ (ื ื•ืกื— ื ืคืจืง ื™ื‘) ืžืคืจืฉ ืฉื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืžื•ืก, ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืื• ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ื–ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•: ื•ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ืื™ื (ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื) ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืขื ื•ืชื ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื? ืฉื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื™ืŸ ืืช ืคื™ื”ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืจื”, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•: ืคืชื— ืืชื”, ืฉืืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื™. ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•: ืคืชื— ืืชื” ืฉืืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื™. ืœื ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•: ืื ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžืš, ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•: ืื ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžืš. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื›ืชื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืช ื”ืŸ, ื›ืช ืื—ืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืชื”: ืคืชื—ื™ ืืช ืฉืืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืžื ื™. ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ืงืจื ื–ื” ืืœ ื–ื” ื•ืืžืจ.
ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื (ืฆื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ื’; ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉ"ื™) ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ืืžื™ืจื” ื›ืื—ื“, ืœื›ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ื”ื ืจืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืžื–ื” "ืฉืœื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ื”ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืจื™ืคื”". ื’ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคืกื•ืง.
ื”ืจื“"ืง, ืœืขื•ืžืชื, ืžื‘ื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื”: "ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื ืฉืจืฃ ืืœ ืฉืจืฃ ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื“ืจืš ื–ืจื•ื–, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•: 'ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืงื“ื•ืฉ' ื›ืงื•ืจื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•: 'ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืคืœื•ื ื™', ื•ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื ืงื“ืฉ ื”ืืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื•ื ืืžืจ: 'ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”' ืฆื‘ืื•ืช' ".
ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื“"ืง ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจืคื™ื ื”ื™ื ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื–ื” ืœื–ื”: "ืงึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ืงึธื“ื•ึนืฉื", ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืงึธื“ื•ึนืฉื". ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืืช ื—ืœืง ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื›ืš: "ื•ึฐืงึธืจึธื ื–ึถื” ืึถืœ ื–ึถื” ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจ ืงึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ืงึธื“ื•ึนืฉื".
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื ื•ืกื— ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืจื™ืช "ื›ื ืขื ืฉื™ื— ืกื•ื“ ืฉืจืคื™ ืงื“ืฉ ื”ืžืฉืœืฉื™ื ืœืš ืงื“ื•ืฉื”" (ื ื•ืกื— ืกืคืจื“ ื•ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื) ืื• ืœื ื•ืกื— ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ "ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื•ืœื ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืœืš ื™ืฉืœืฉื•" (ื ื•ืกื— ืกืคืจื“ ื•ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื) ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืืฉื›ื ื– ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื—ืจื™ืช: "ื›ืฉื ืฉืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ ืžืจื•ื", ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ: "ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืš ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ", ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืกืคืจื“ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• "ื›ื™ ืืœ ืžืœืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืืชื”", ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื“ ืขืชื” ืจืง ื›ืคืœื• ืืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”: "ืืชื” ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ืฉืžืš ืงื“ื•ืฉ", ื•ืขืชื” ืžืฉืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืจืง ืคืฉืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกื— ืืฉื›ื ื– ื•ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ืฉื›ื•ืคืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืก"ื’, ื‘ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื—ืžืฉ ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื.
(ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืงืจื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ 'ืฆืคื ืช ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•' ืฉื™ื•ืคื™ืข, ื‘ืข"ื”, ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช "ืืจืฅ ื—ืžื“ื”" ื•"ืžื’ื™ื“-ืงื•ืจืŸ").
ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื ืื—ืœ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื•ืกืคืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข
ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข
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ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ

ืจืืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ "ืืจืฅ ื—ืžื“ื”" ืœื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืช
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ืœืžื” ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืฆื™ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืœ ื ืฆื™ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ?

    ื—ืœืง ื’

    ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืค"ื‘
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ื•ึทื—ึฒืžึปืฉืึดื™ื ืขึธืœื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื

    ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืค"ื‘
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึทื˜ ืฆึถื“ึถืง? ืื™ืš?

    ืื“ืจ ืชืฉืค"ื‘
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ื™ึธืฆึดื™ืฅ ื•ึผืคึธืจึทื— ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ

    ืืชื—ืœืชื ื“ื’ืื•ืœื”

    ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืข"ื’
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

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